Where has participatory budgeting taken place?

PBs primarily exist at the city, or more precisely, at the municipal level. Given the rapid expansion of the process, it is difficult to monitor all the experiences. Brazil continues to be the primary country where PBs occur (approximately 80 per cent of the total). The countries of the Andean region (Peru, Ecuador and more recently Bolivia and Colombia) are the second largest source of experiences. Never- theless, PB experiences do exist, to different degrees and with varying levels of formalisation, in other countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Mexico). Some European cities have initiated Participatory Budgeting processes (above all Spain, Italy, Germany and France) and a number of cities in Africa (for example in Cameroon) and Asia (for example in Sri Lanka) are on the verge of initiating their own processes. There are other cities and other countries which utilise other participatory mechanisms of assigning municipal resources which, even if they do not carry the name Participatory Budgeting, have similar characteristics (in Kenya, for example).